ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, which is a brain development disorder that causes the sufferer to be hyperactive, impulsive, and difficulty concentrating. This condition was once sikenal with ADD or Attention Deficit Disorder.
ADHD is a condition that can be found in children, teenagers and even adults. However, the symptoms usually begin to develop in childhood and continues into adulthood. There are an estimated 3-5 percent of children or school-age children who have this condition. Without proper treatment, ADHD can have serious consequences such as mal-achievement (under-achievement), failure at school or work, difficult relationships or social interactions, insecurity is severe, and chronic depression.
Cause
The exact cause and pathology of ADHD is still not clearly revealed. As well as autism disorders, ADHD is a disorder statu is multi factorial. Many factors are considered as peneyebab these disorders, including genetic factors, brain development during pregnancy, when perinatal brain development, the level of intelligence (IQ), metabolic dysfunction, hormonal irregularities, physical environment, social and parenting by parents, teachers and people who are influential in sekitarnya.Banyak studies show the effectiveness of treatment with psychostimulants, which facilitates dopamine and noradrenergic expenditure tricyclics. This condition mengungatkan sepukalsi disorder of the brain area associated with kekuirangan neurotransmitter. So the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine often diokaitkan with ADHD.
Genetic factors seem to play a role most ADHD behavioral disturbances. Several studies conducted found that the hyperactivity that occurs in a child is always accompanied by a history of the same disorder in the family at least one person in the immediate family. Also obtained a third of patients with hyperactive father also suffered from the same disorder in their childhood. Parents and siblings with ADHD experience a risk of 2-8 times more easily occur ADHD, monozygotic twins is more apt to occur with ADHD than dizygotic twins also showed genetic Fator involvement in ADHD. The involvement of genetic and chromosomal is still not known with certainty. Several genes related to dopamine receptors codes and serotonin production, including DRD4, DRD5, DAT, DBH, 5-HTT, and 5-HTR1B, many associated with ADHD.
Neuropsychological research converting the frontal cortex and the circuitry that connects the ward executive functions ganglia. Catecholamines is the main neurotransmitter functions related to the frontal lobe of the brain function. So that the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission appears to be the main target in the treatment of ADHD.
Another theory mentions the possibility of dysfunction of neurons in the brain circuits that are affected by dopamine as a neurotransmitter originator of the movement and as a self-control activities. Due to minimal brain disorder, which causes a drag on the control system behavior. In a study conducted using MRI examination of the brain dysfunction was noted in the area of the right mesial prefrontal and subcortical striae which implies the occurrence of obstacles to responses that are not relevant and specific functions. In people with ADHD are weaknesses brain activity lower right prefrontal cortex and left caudate related to the effect of time delay on motor response to sensory stimuli.
Some other researchers revealed the theory of maturation lack or an inaction in the process of development of children with ADHD. According to this theory, people can finally pursue his delay and this situation postulated will occur around the age of puberty. So that these symptoms do not settle but only temporarily before delays can be pursued.
Many researchers reveal ADHD sufferers with gastrointestinal disorders are often associated with the acceptance of certain food reaction. Theories about food allergies, Feingold's theory which assumed that salicylates have unfavorable effects on the child's behavior, as well as the theory that sugar is a substance that stimulates hyperactivity in children. Mentioned among others, on the theory megavitamin and ortomolecular as therapy
Damage to brain tissue or brain damage caused by trauma primary and recurrent trauma in the same place. The second theory is worth considering as a cause of hyperactivity syndrome is the author divided into three groups. In this disorder structural deviation from the normal shape due to a variety of reasons other than because of trauma. Other disorders such as damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is anatomically similar to those caused by infection, bleeding and hypoxia.
Other changes occur without disruption of brain function and anatomical structure changes clear. Deviations caused a bottleneck stimulus or even the emergence of excessive stimulus that causes significant deviations in the development of the child's relationship with parents and the surrounding environment.
Research by comparing the MRI picture between children with ADHD and normal children, it produces a different picture, where in children with ADHD have a picture of the brain that is more symmetrical than normal children who are generally larger than the right brain left brain.
With radiological examination of brain PET (positron emission tomography), it was shown that in children with ADHD with hyperactivity disorder more dominant obtained excessive brain activity compared to normal children by measuring levels of sugar (as the main energy source of brain activity) obtained a significant difference between patients with hyperactive and normal children.
Pengobaatan and handling
Although this condition can not be cured, there are some measures or treatment for people with ADHD. Treatment here means the action or strategies to help control the symptoms of ADHD. The goal is to help sufferers improve social skills, improve the ability to study or work, increase the child's confidence, and keep sufferers from behavior that could endanger yourself.
Treatment for patients with ADHD may be drugs or therapies. Medications are often given by doctors usually stimulants, which are used to help control hyperactive and impulsive attitudes in children, as well as help improve focus or attention.
Handling form of therapy (psychotherapy) is also commonly given to people with ADHD. Therapy can be given in the form of social skills training, behavioral modification (behavior), as well as cognitive therapy. Parents and families are also usually be given training in the form of an introduction to ADHD, how to deal with the symptoms of ADHD in children, the approaches used, or in the form of support for parents who have children with ADHD.
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